It is in the middle of three continents. It connects Asia, Europe, and Africa. They seem to believe in the same culture/religion, Muslim. These nations are powerful in oil.
Identity of Middle East
For the most part I got it wrong. The British/ European's foreign service , it was an Euro-centric term. It was distinguished as the area east of the Near East-the Balkans, the Far East countries of the East Asia, including China. The Middle East do not believe in the same culture/ religion, Muslim. Most Muslim do not live in the Middle East and do not speak Arabic. A region can not be associated with a partially religion. It is like saying European nations are Christian, there are many Christians all over the world. It is like saying in English that an author uses diction. Diction is the use of words, all authors use words to make a book. There are sub-regions in the Middle East, The countries that lie at the eastern edge of a large geological plate (Arab plate), Bahrain, Kuwiat, United Arab Emirates, and Oman have a shared opportunities and problems with the large pressence of oil. My mind map was just assumptions of the Middle East. [[file/view/Middle East Identity.docx|Middle East Identity.docx]]
Outline notes 661-666 and 727-729 Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Main Idea: Egyptian nationalistic movements were unique for they were ruled by both the Turkish and British. under the control of Britain, they heavily relied on estate-owning nobles. There was an increase in nationalistic movements. It lead to violence on both sides. Egypt's nationalist movements was unique to Africa and Asia since it precede European domination. The Egyptian nationalist rebellious actions was towards the Ottoman Empire, the British responded to an occupation in 1882. The Egyptian were double colonized by the Turkish Khedives and their British advisors. After the British conquest, the strong-willed and imperious Lord Cromer dominated government policy. He over saw the bureaucracy and public works projects. He also pushed for much-needed economic reforms. Eygpt benefited by having Turco-Egyptians political elite, a small Egyptian bourgeoisie. The British had to rely heavily on local, estate-owning nobles to extend their control into rural areas. The ayans greatly benefited from improvements of the Egyptian market. The ayans became more greedy for more land and turning smallholders owners into landless tenants and laborers. There was a social difference between the two classes. The causes for Egyptian independence was mainly taken up by the sons of the effendi, or the prosperous business and professional families that made up the new middle class. Egyptian Arabic newspapers promoted independence from both English and Turkish rule, by the 19th century. Egyptian writers attacked the arrogant racist British and there well-paying positions.In the 1980s the first nationalist party was formed, but most of the Egyptians were illiterate, poorly paid, and largely ignored urban laborers and rural farmers. (They were not accounted for) There were decades of ill will between the British and the population in the early twentieth century, it led to violence in both sides. In the Dinshawai incident in 1906 where the British were confronted by their Egyptian subjects.It resulted in limited fatalities. In the village of Dinshawai, a British officers killed a villager. There was a fight and the British did not allow for any publication of the incident. A constitution was granted in 1913. There was a temporary diminution of hostiles in Egypt in the outbreak of World War I. WWI 1916: The British and French secret agreement Syices Pies amd Agreements.
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Main Idea:There was a resistance towards Europeans. The Europeans were in control of the Middle East. In response, there were resistance from Arab nationalist. There were major Zionism movements. After World War I, there was a resistance towards Europeans colonial dominations especially in Egypt. The Ottoman Empire disappeared from history since they were on the losing side/ central power. The Tukish modeled their republic from Western basis. In the 1920s and 1930s there were new Latin alphabet, women's suffrage, and criticism on veil. Hussein, the sherif of Mecca used promises to convince his people to support the British war.The English and French/Europeans divided the defeated Ottoman Empire's Arab holding into mandates, grants of League of nation from French Syria and Leboanon. British the rest. They also betrayed the their promises to the Arab world. The Italians and the Greeks attacked around Constantinople and in Anatolia the military commender. Ataturk emerged for the Turkish officer corps. He rallied the Turkish forces and he was able to drive the Greek back. Atarturk launched a sweeping program of reforms. The Europeans quickly faced the resistance from Arab nationalist to their occupation and the establishment of a League of Nations in the 1920s ans 30s. The Turkish republic was independence by the 1923. It approved Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1922, formed from British's support for Zionism (Zionists), a form of nationalism. The pledge, Balfour of Declaration helped existing Zionist aspirations the Hebrews to return them to their origins in 1917. (Land to both the Zionist: US support and Arab: Arab support) There were a number of organizations for Jewish people. These were early moves were made in the response to religious persecution in eastern Europe in the early 19th century. Jewish intellectuals like Leon Pinsker concluded it was impossible to be accepted by the Christian European nations. Thus it promoted the want to return to homelands. The Zionist efforts was opposed by Jews in Germany, France, and other parts of western Europe in the late 1890s, who had citizenship and extensive rights. They had grown prosperous and powerful n their adopted land. There was a major defection to the Zionists in 1892. An established Austrian journalist, Theodor Herzl taunted the Jews like French hapless army officer Alfred Dreyfus. This led to a formation of the World Zionist Organization by prominent western European Jews. The Arabs felt hostility towards the Jewish emigration to Palestine. These conflicting movements led to a great tension in the Middle East. Zionists mistrusted British policies. There were critical struggles and diplomatic maneuvers of the 1930s and 1940s. In the 1930's British and US. Kuwait: British and Arab: US. WWII Protecting oil supplies = key.Holocaust in 1948. Israel is created as a state. Invaded by Egypt, Syria, transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq) 1949, Israel expanded
Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Main Idea:After World War I, Egyptians began to revolt against colonial control. The British eventually withdrew. Egyptian had little political structure.
There was an anti-colonial struggle rooted in earlier agitation and heavy tolls for the war. It led to holy wars between the Muslims and Turks. With much social unrest, the spiraling inflation caused it to be worse. Egypt was ripe for revolt by the end of the world War I. Educated nationalist elite wanted a hearing as delegate but were denied. Egyptian leaders resigned and set up mass demonstrations. The British army was dying. There was the emergence of the Wafd party led by Sa'd Zaghlul had a focus for unified nationalistic action. Students and women led large demonstrations against colonial rule. In 1922, the British began to withdraw.They withdrew from the Suez Canal in 1936, the Khedival regime was preserved. Wafdi Egyptians did little in to reform once in power. The leaders often took personal incentives over their nations. There was social bankruptcy of the 40 years of nationalist political dominance led by Nassar. Nasser promised a sweeping social and political change, when he led a military coup in 1952. 98 percent of the peasants were illiterate and malnutrition. (5 percent suffered diseases. It decolonized Egypt.
Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Main Idea: It took a while for Middle Eastern states to completely gain independence.Zionists were better armed and expanded their sanctioned territory.
There were several Middle Eastern states that gained independence after World War I, it was not until World War II that it was complete. Palestinians were different, they had a conflicting strains of nationalism collided. The British manged to suppress a major Muslim revolt in Palestine in the late 1930s. They limited Jewish immigration into the region at the same time. The World sentiment was mostly with Jews desiring a homeland and the major parties claiming Palestine found themselves at a stalemate, erupting into warfare, after World War II and the Holocaust. Zionists groups like the Haganah became better armed and led and expanded their UN sanctioned territory to include much of that reserved for Palestinians. Colonialism proved to be more liable in the Middle East than Asia and Africa.
Military Responses: Dictotarships and Revolutions Main Idea: There were many military coups in Asia and Africa that controlled nations. There only few that were radical reforms with parties like Free officer movement and the Muslim Brotherhood. The khedive, Nasser rule over took the parties. He tried to improve the social and economical life in Egypt but failed. His successor's have not greatly improved the conditions. There were many military coups occupying Asian and African nations. The military had ethnics and religious division. Anticommunists were soldiers gained ground and conceive technological training among civilian leaders. Army military men established repressive and corrupt regimes, limiting there resources for protection. Some leaders wanted to divert attention of their failures and attacked neighboring nations. Only a few military men tried to radical reforms. In the 1930s, young nationalistic officers like Gamal Abdul Nassar were apart of the Free officer movement in 1952. It was a secret organization established for revolutionary commands, seizing power. Muslim Brotherhood was another alternative to khedival regime for independence and scientific ideas. Hasan al-Banna established the brotherhood in 1928. He developed likable contempts for the wealthy minority of Egyptians and Europeans would flourish in the a sea of poverty, it was to be able to fix these problems.The fundamentalist Muslims worked sweeping reforms. The Brotherhood organized strikes, riots, and assassinations in the late 1930s to politically intervene. The Brotherhood had a continuation of importance, even after al-Bana was murdered by khedive's men in 1949. Egypt lost in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. This caused the Suez Canal to have a continuous occupation from the British and the free officers had a successful coup in 1952. By the 1954, Nassar's regime was imposed large social and economical reforms, disbanding all political parties like the Muslim Brotherhood. Land was redistributed to the peasantry, education became free through college, and government became the main employer. The State subsided the price of food and it modeled the five-year plan of the Soviet Union. Foreign properties were seized or restricted for Nasser began an active foreign policy designed to defeat Israel, forge Arab unity, and agitate socialist revolution. He forced the British out of the Suez canal in 1956. Many times, Nasser's reforms failed. The growth of the population offset economic advances Western capital was not replaceable by Egypt's communist supporters. The regime's problems worsen with the failed foreign like the Six-Day War in Israel in 1967. Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat ended many programs and turn to private initiatives. Sadat opened Egypt to Wester assistance, resolved Israel conflict, and expelled the Russians. Hosni Mubarak , his successor, continued his policies. From 1952, no paths have solved Egyptian problems. Muslim fundamentalist movements proliferated; one group assassinated Sadat. Military need destroy foreign appression.
Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West Main Idea: The Iranian Revolution sought out to challenge the world and return Iran to its better years. There were some advancements to Iran with radical reforms, but for the most part Iran left in shambles. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution in 1979, it challenged existing world order. It similar to the religious fervor of Mahdi's nineteenth-century movement in Sudan, there was an emphasize on religious purification and the rejoice of religion and politics central to early Islam. Both movements wanted a the return of the golden age and get rind of Western influenced governments. Mahdi and Khomeini claimed divine inspiration and sought to establish a state based on Islamic percepts. They wanted to expand their movements to wider regions. Khomeini was successful for the uniqueness of Iran. Iran was not formal colonized, but it was divided into British and Russian spheres of interest. Iran lacked colonial bureaucratic and communications infrastructures, and the large Western-educated middle class. Modernization policies were supported from Iran's oil wealth and it it was imposed by the regime of the Pahlavi shahs.There were some advancements but the majority of the Iranians were alienated. Middle class was offended bu the Shah's authoritarian rule. Religious leaders were roused by the Shah's rule, who influenced the mass of the people. Bazaar merchants were angered at the favoritism of foreign investors and a few Iran entrepreneurs. The rural poor did not benefit much from incomplete land reform schemes of Landholders. Urban workers were first secure in benefits, but suffered from the economic slump. The military was neglected. Shahs left Iran with no support when the revolution began in 1978. Khomeini then carried out radical reform. Religious figures began to led the nation and suppressed all opposition. There was a strict implementation of Islamic law and restricted opportunities of women. When Iran forced a war lasting for ten years and absorbing most national resources, most planned reforms paused. In 1988, Iran accepted peace. Iran was left in shambles after the consequences of internal repression and failed development efforts.
Role of Women in Nationalistic movements: Husbands takes an action from the ideas of a women. Women transfered to public sphere with education, large body, support from males, and opprtunities.
Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Ruhollah Khomeini
Lifespan: September 22, 1902- June 3, 1989
Title: 1st Supreme Leader of Tran
Country/region: Iran
Years in Power: December 3, 1979- June 3, 1989
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: There was the shah’s dictatorial and repressive regime that deeply offended the emerging middle classes. He flaunted his Islamic conventions and neglected Islam worship and religious institutions that enraged ayatollahs, or religious exports. They also alienated mullahs, or local prayer leaders and mosque attendants who were a mass majority of the Iranian population. Shahs had favorism towards foreign investors and many big Iranian entrepreneurs with personal connection to high officials. Smaller bazaar merchants were angered and had close links with the mullahs.
Shah’s half-hearted land reforms schemes alienated the land-owning classes. It had little benefit to the rural.
There was a little industrialization and construction in shah’s development, but they were dissatisfied.
The price of oil fall and resulted in an economic slump and widespread unemployment in urban areas.
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
He emphasized movement towards the idea of religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics as a central to Islamic traditions. He wanted the return of the golden age of the prophet Mohammad as the center for policies. He claimed that he was divinely inspired deliverers. He wanted to save the Islamic faith from the imperialist Westerners and from the corrupt and heretical leaders within the Muslim world.
Khomeini promised his followers with magical protection and instant paradise.
He sought to build a lasting state and social order on Islamic precedents.
He sought to spread the revolutions to surrounding areas both Muslim and infidel. He believed to set it in motion force to sweep the entire world.
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
By 1978, the shah had little support from his soldiers. He was exiled to Paris Khomeini’s revolution.
Constitutional and leftist parties were brutally repressed. Moderate leaders were replaced by radial religious figures who eagerly obeyed his commands. Iran was distant from the atheistic communist world.
Secular influences in law and government were supplanted by strict Islamic legal codes.
He drew up grand schemes for land reforms, religious education, and economic development after the revolution. Iraq wanting Iran’s oil led to the Iran-Iraq War. After, Khomeini became determinrf to destroy to punish the Iraqs.
Short-Term effects:
Women would get amputated for being caught in adultery.
Veiling was obligated for all women
The career prospects for educated middle class women were drastically limited.
Iranian energies and resources were almost entirely gone after the Iran-Iraq War.
His refusal to negotiate peace caused heavy losses and suffering to the Iranian people.
Long-Term Effects:
Many untrained and nearly weaponless boys were killed after Khomeini humiliating armistice in 1988.
Peace found revolutionary Iran in shambles.
There were few development initiatives, and shortage in food, fuel, and other necessities of life. It was widespread.
Iran’s continuing isolation and absorption in the war made it impossible for religious revivalist.
By the 1990s, Islamic leaders continued to have more open election and it presents new alternatives for the future.
Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Gamal Abdel Nassar
Lifespan January 15, 1918-September 28, 1970
Title: Second president of Egypt
Country/region: Egypt
Years in Power: June 23, 1956- September 28, 1970.
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
In countries of Asia and Africa, there were many military coups. The military had divisions in ethnics and religious. The military possesses near a monopoly of forces to restore forces.
Soldiers were anticommunist that gained ground and conceive technological training from among civilian leaders. They attracted technical and financial assistance from Western governments.
Army military men limited the protective resources by established repressive and corrupt regimes.
Military governments were notorious for official corruption and imprisonment, torment, or the elimination of political dissident. Some leaders attacked neighboring nations to divert attentions of their failures.
Regimes existed mainly to enrich military leaders and their allies, there were little attempts in civil liberties to reduce social inequities or improve living standards.
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
He wanted to improve the previous conditions of the independent Egypt from its self-civilian politicians and corrupt khedival regime that did little to improve Egyptian standards.
He and his fellow officers used dictatorship powers. They were convinced that only state power was able to carry out essential social and economical reforms. He wanted to establish Egypt’s economical independence.
Nassar wanted an interventionist foreign policy, stressing the struggle to destroy Israeli state, forge Arab unity and foment socialist revolutions in neighboring lands.
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
Radical movements: Free officer movement was a secret organization established for seizing power and revolutionary commands.
Muslim Brotherhood was another one established but Hasan al-Banna in 1928. The Brotherhood organized strikes, riots, and assassinations in the late 1930s. Egypt lost to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948.
Eventually Nassar’s regime imposed large social and economical reforms and disbanded all political parties by 1954.
He forced out British control/ influence from the Suez canal in 1956.
The regime’s problems continued with failed foreign interaction like the Six-Day War in Israel in 1967.
Short-Term effects:
From the Muslim Brotherhood:
there was a promotion of trade
Promotion for building medical clinics to educate women
Programs for social uplifts
Push for land reforms.
State-financed education through college level
By the 1980, Egyptian government was the main employer.
The lower price of basic food staples.
State-controlled developments schemes modeled after the five-year plans of Soviet Union
Restrictions on foreign investments.
Long-Term Effects:
With Nasser’s Aswan Dam project, it caused negative effects to Egypt:
There was an increase in parasites that cause blindness.
There was a decline in fertility of farmlands in the lower Nile delta.
The economics of Egypt went down for the un-controlling population rise and the absence of sufficient foreign investment.
With his successors, Sadat and Mubarak much has not changed.
The Middle East is a region coined by the Europeans. Nations in the Middle East had a resistance towards colonial power. European domination and made Egyptian nationalist movements unique to Afro-Asia. Egypt was control by both the Ottomans and British. The British with leaders like Lord Cromer sought for much help from the local, estate-owning nobles to expand their control. By the 19th century, the Egyptian Arabic newspaper prompted complete independence. Independence was taken up by effendi. After the harsh decades with the British and the population caused bother sides to be violent like the Dinshawai incident. After the ottomans lost their holds of the Arab world, the Europeans split it into Mandates. There was an establishment of Zionistic movements with pledges like the Balfour of Declaration. Parties like the Wafd led by Sa’d Zaghlul led unified nationalistic actions, that caused the British to withdraw from Egypt in 1922. Several Middle Eastern stats gained independence in World War I but, it was not until World War II where it was complete. Zionist groups like the Haganah became better armed and led to the expansion of their territories. There were many unsuccessful military coups in Asia and Africa that controlled nations. Nasser tried radical reforms like the free officer movement in 1952 and Muslim Brotherhood to better the nation. Eventually he disbanded all the political parties. Much of his reforms failed and the problems were never much solved with his successors, Sadat and Mubarak. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It challenged existing world order. He wanted to return Iran to its golden age and get rid of Western forces. He made reforms that were most the resulted in Iran in shambles.
It is in the middle of three continents. It connects Asia, Europe, and Africa. They seem to believe in the same culture/religion, Muslim. These nations are powerful in oil.
Identity of Middle East
For the most part I got it wrong. The British/ European's foreign service , it was an Euro-centric term. It was distinguished as the area east of the Near East-the Balkans, the Far East countries of the East Asia, including China. The Middle East do not believe in the same culture/ religion, Muslim. Most Muslim do not live in the Middle East and do not speak Arabic. A region can not be associated with a partially religion. It is like saying European nations are Christian, there are many Christians all over the world. It is like saying in English that an author uses diction. Diction is the use of words, all authors use words to make a book. There are sub-regions in the Middle East, The countries that lie at the eastern edge of a large geological plate (Arab plate), Bahrain, Kuwiat, United Arab Emirates, and Oman have a shared opportunities and problems with the large pressence of oil. My mind map was just assumptions of the Middle East.
Outline notes 661-666 and 727-729
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Main Idea: Egyptian nationalistic movements were unique for they were ruled by both the Turkish and British. under the control of Britain, they heavily relied on estate-owning nobles. There was an increase in nationalistic movements. It lead to violence on both sides.
Egypt's nationalist movements was unique to Africa and Asia since it precede European domination. The Egyptian nationalist rebellious actions was towards the Ottoman Empire, the British responded to an occupation in 1882. The Egyptian were double colonized by the Turkish Khedives and their British advisors. After the British conquest, the strong-willed and imperious Lord Cromer dominated government policy. He over saw the bureaucracy and public works projects. He also pushed for much-needed economic reforms. Eygpt benefited by having Turco-Egyptians political elite, a small Egyptian bourgeoisie. The British had to rely heavily on local, estate-owning nobles to extend their control into rural areas. The ayans greatly benefited from improvements of the Egyptian market. The ayans became more greedy for more land and turning smallholders owners into landless tenants and laborers. There was a social difference between the two classes. The causes for Egyptian independence was mainly taken up by the sons of the effendi, or the prosperous business and professional families that made up the new middle class. Egyptian Arabic newspapers promoted independence from both English and Turkish rule, by the 19th century. Egyptian writers attacked the arrogant racist British and there well-paying positions.In the 1980s the first nationalist party was formed, but most of the Egyptians were illiterate, poorly paid, and largely ignored urban laborers and rural farmers. (They were not accounted for) There were decades of ill will between the British and the population in the early twentieth century, it led to violence in both sides. In the Dinshawai incident in 1906 where the British were confronted by their Egyptian subjects.It resulted in limited fatalities. In the village of Dinshawai, a British officers killed a villager. There was a fight and the British did not allow for any publication of the incident. A constitution was granted in 1913. There was a temporary diminution of hostiles in Egypt in the outbreak of World War I. WWI 1916: The British and French secret agreement Syices Pies amd Agreements.
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Main Idea: There was a resistance towards Europeans. The Europeans were in control of the Middle East. In response, there were resistance from Arab nationalist. There were major Zionism movements.
After World War I, there was a resistance towards Europeans colonial dominations especially in Egypt. The Ottoman Empire disappeared from history since they were on the losing side/ central power. The Tukish modeled their republic from Western basis. In the 1920s and 1930s there were new Latin alphabet, women's suffrage, and criticism on veil. Hussein, the sherif of Mecca used promises to convince his people to support the British war.The English and French/Europeans divided the defeated Ottoman Empire's Arab holding into mandates, grants of League of nation from French Syria and Leboanon. British the rest. They also betrayed the their promises to the Arab world. The Italians and the Greeks attacked around Constantinople and in Anatolia the military commender. Ataturk emerged for the Turkish officer corps. He rallied the Turkish forces and he was able to drive the Greek back. Atarturk launched a sweeping program of reforms. The Europeans quickly faced the resistance from Arab nationalist to their occupation and the establishment of a League of Nations in the 1920s ans 30s. The Turkish republic was independence by the 1923. It approved Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1922, formed from British's support for Zionism (Zionists), a form of nationalism. The pledge, Balfour of Declaration helped existing Zionist aspirations the Hebrews to return them to their origins in 1917. (Land to both the Zionist: US support and Arab: Arab support) There were a number of organizations for Jewish people. These were early moves were made in the response to religious persecution in eastern Europe in the early 19th century. Jewish intellectuals like Leon Pinsker concluded it was impossible to be accepted by the Christian European nations. Thus it promoted the want to return to homelands. The Zionist efforts was opposed by Jews in Germany, France, and other parts of western Europe in the late 1890s, who had citizenship and extensive rights. They had grown prosperous and powerful n their adopted land. There was a major defection to the Zionists in 1892. An established Austrian journalist, Theodor Herzl taunted the Jews like French hapless army officer Alfred Dreyfus. This led to a formation of the World Zionist Organization by prominent western European Jews. The Arabs felt hostility towards the Jewish emigration to Palestine. These conflicting movements led to a great tension in the Middle East. Zionists mistrusted British policies. There were critical struggles and diplomatic maneuvers of the 1930s and 1940s. In the 1930's British and US. Kuwait: British and Arab: US. WWII Protecting oil supplies = key.Holocaust in 1948. Israel is created as a state. Invaded by Egypt, Syria, transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq) 1949, Israel expanded
Revolt in Egypt, 1919
Main Idea: After World War I, Egyptians began to revolt against colonial control. The British eventually withdrew. Egyptian had little political structure.
There was an anti-colonial struggle rooted in earlier agitation and heavy tolls for the war. It led to holy wars between the Muslims and Turks. With much social unrest, the spiraling inflation caused it to be worse. Egypt was ripe for revolt by the end of the world War I. Educated nationalist elite wanted a hearing as delegate but were denied. Egyptian leaders resigned and set up mass demonstrations. The British army was dying. There was the emergence of the Wafd party led by Sa'd Zaghlul had a focus for unified nationalistic action. Students and women led large demonstrations against colonial rule. In 1922, the British began to withdraw.They withdrew from the Suez Canal in 1936, the Khedival regime was preserved. Wafdi Egyptians did little in to reform once in power. The leaders often took personal incentives over their nations. There was social bankruptcy of the 40 years of nationalist political dominance led by Nassar. Nasser promised a sweeping social and political change, when he led a military coup in 1952. 98 percent of the peasants were illiterate and malnutrition. (5 percent suffered diseases. It decolonized Egypt.
Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question
Main Idea: It took a while for Middle Eastern states to completely gain independence.Zionists were better armed and expanded their sanctioned territory.
There were several Middle Eastern states that gained independence after World War I, it was not until World War II that it was complete. Palestinians were different, they had a conflicting strains of nationalism collided. The British manged to suppress a major Muslim revolt in Palestine in the late 1930s. They limited Jewish immigration into the region at the same time. The World sentiment was mostly with Jews desiring a homeland and the major parties claiming Palestine found themselves at a stalemate, erupting into warfare, after World War II and the Holocaust. Zionists groups like the Haganah became better armed and led and expanded their UN sanctioned territory to include much of that reserved for Palestinians. Colonialism proved to be more liable in the Middle East than Asia and Africa.
Military Responses: Dictotarships and Revolutions
Main Idea: There were many military coups in Asia and Africa that controlled nations. There only few that were radical reforms with parties like Free officer movement and the Muslim Brotherhood. The khedive, Nasser rule over took the parties. He tried to improve the social and economical life in Egypt but failed. His successor's have not greatly improved the conditions.
There were many military coups occupying Asian and African nations. The military had ethnics and religious division. Anticommunists were soldiers gained ground and conceive technological training among civilian leaders. Army military men established repressive and corrupt regimes, limiting there resources for protection. Some leaders wanted to divert attention of their failures and attacked neighboring nations. Only a few military men tried to radical reforms. In the 1930s, young nationalistic officers like Gamal Abdul Nassar were apart of the Free officer movement in 1952. It was a secret organization established for revolutionary commands, seizing power. Muslim Brotherhood was another alternative to khedival regime for independence and scientific ideas. Hasan al-Banna established the brotherhood in 1928. He developed likable contempts for the wealthy minority of Egyptians and Europeans would flourish in the a sea of poverty, it was to be able to fix these problems.The fundamentalist Muslims worked sweeping reforms. The Brotherhood organized strikes, riots, and assassinations in the late 1930s to politically intervene. The Brotherhood had a continuation of importance, even after al-Bana was murdered by khedive's men in 1949. Egypt lost in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. This caused the Suez Canal to have a continuous occupation from the British and the free officers had a successful coup in 1952. By the 1954, Nassar's regime was imposed large social and economical reforms, disbanding all political parties like the Muslim Brotherhood. Land was redistributed to the peasantry, education became free through college, and government became the main employer. The State subsided the price of food and it modeled the five-year plan of the Soviet Union. Foreign properties were seized or restricted for Nasser began an active foreign policy designed to defeat Israel, forge Arab unity, and agitate socialist revolution. He forced the British out of the Suez canal in 1956. Many times, Nasser's reforms failed. The growth of the population offset economic advances Western capital was not replaceable by Egypt's communist supporters. The regime's problems worsen with the failed foreign like the Six-Day War in Israel in 1967. Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat ended many programs and turn to private initiatives. Sadat opened Egypt to Wester assistance, resolved Israel conflict, and expelled the Russians. Hosni Mubarak , his successor, continued his policies. From 1952, no paths have solved Egyptian problems. Muslim fundamentalist movements proliferated; one group assassinated Sadat. Military need destroy foreign appression.
Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
Main Idea: The Iranian Revolution sought out to challenge the world and return Iran to its better years. There were some advancements to Iran with radical reforms, but for the most part Iran left in shambles.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution in 1979, it challenged existing world order. It similar to the religious fervor of Mahdi's nineteenth-century movement in Sudan, there was an emphasize on religious purification and the rejoice of religion and politics central to early Islam. Both movements wanted a the return of the golden age and get rind of Western influenced governments. Mahdi and Khomeini claimed divine inspiration and sought to establish a state based on Islamic percepts. They wanted to expand their movements to wider regions. Khomeini was successful for the uniqueness of Iran. Iran was not formal colonized, but it was divided into British and Russian spheres of interest. Iran lacked colonial bureaucratic and communications infrastructures, and the large Western-educated middle class. Modernization policies were supported from Iran's oil wealth and it it was imposed by the regime of the Pahlavi shahs.There were some advancements but the majority of the Iranians were alienated. Middle class was offended bu the Shah's authoritarian rule. Religious leaders were roused by the Shah's rule, who influenced the mass of the people. Bazaar merchants were angered at the favoritism of foreign investors and a few Iran entrepreneurs. The rural poor did not benefit much from incomplete land reform schemes of Landholders. Urban workers were first secure in benefits, but suffered from the economic slump. The military was neglected. Shahs left Iran with no support when the revolution began in 1978. Khomeini then carried out radical reform. Religious figures began to led the nation and suppressed all opposition. There was a strict implementation of Islamic law and restricted opportunities of women. When Iran forced a war lasting for ten years and absorbing most national resources, most planned reforms paused. In 1988, Iran accepted peace. Iran was left in shambles after the consequences of internal repression and failed development efforts.
Role of Women in Nationalistic movements: Husbands takes an action from the ideas of a women. Women transfered to public sphere with education, large body, support from males, and opprtunities.
Leader Analysis Sheet
There was the shah’s dictatorial and repressive regime that deeply offended the emerging middle classes.
He flaunted his Islamic conventions and neglected Islam worship and religious institutions that enraged ayatollahs, or religious exports. They also alienated mullahs, or local prayer leaders and mosque attendants who were a mass majority of the Iranian population.
Shahs had favorism towards foreign investors and many big Iranian entrepreneurs with personal connection to high officials. Smaller bazaar merchants were angered and had close links with the mullahs.
Shah’s half-hearted land reforms schemes alienated the land-owning classes. It had little benefit to the rural.
There was a little industrialization and construction in shah’s development, but they were dissatisfied.
The price of oil fall and resulted in an economic slump and widespread unemployment in urban areas.
He emphasized movement towards the idea of religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics as a central to Islamic traditions. He wanted the return of the golden age of the prophet Mohammad as the center for policies. He claimed that he was divinely inspired deliverers. He wanted to save the Islamic faith from the imperialist Westerners and from the corrupt and heretical leaders within the Muslim world.
Khomeini promised his followers with magical protection and instant paradise.
He sought to build a lasting state and social order on Islamic precedents.
He sought to spread the revolutions to surrounding areas both Muslim and infidel. He believed to set it in motion force to sweep the entire world.
By 1978, the shah had little support from his soldiers. He was exiled to Paris Khomeini’s revolution.
Constitutional and leftist parties were brutally repressed. Moderate leaders were replaced by radial religious figures who eagerly obeyed his commands. Iran was distant from the atheistic communist world.
Secular influences in law and government were supplanted by strict Islamic legal codes.
He drew up grand schemes for land reforms, religious education, and economic development after the revolution. Iraq wanting Iran’s oil led to the Iran-Iraq War. After, Khomeini became determinrf to destroy to punish the Iraqs.
Women would get amputated for being caught in adultery.
Veiling was obligated for all women
The career prospects for educated middle class women were drastically limited.
Iranian energies and resources were almost entirely gone after the Iran-Iraq War.
His refusal to negotiate peace caused heavy losses and suffering to the Iranian people.
Many untrained and nearly weaponless boys were killed after Khomeini humiliating armistice in 1988.
Peace found revolutionary Iran in shambles.
There were few development initiatives, and shortage in food, fuel, and other necessities of life. It was widespread.
Iran’s continuing isolation and absorption in the war made it impossible for religious revivalist.
By the 1990s, Islamic leaders continued to have more open election and it presents new alternatives for the future.
In countries of Asia and Africa, there were many military coups. The military had divisions in ethnics and religious. The military possesses near a monopoly of forces to restore forces.
Soldiers were anticommunist that gained ground and conceive technological training from among civilian leaders. They attracted technical and financial assistance from Western governments.
Army military men limited the protective resources by established repressive and corrupt regimes.
Military governments were notorious for official corruption and imprisonment, torment, or the elimination of political dissident. Some leaders attacked neighboring nations to divert attentions of their failures.
Regimes existed mainly to enrich military leaders and their allies, there were little attempts in civil liberties to reduce social inequities or improve living standards.
He wanted to improve the previous conditions of the independent Egypt from its self-civilian politicians and corrupt khedival regime that did little to improve Egyptian standards.
He and his fellow officers used dictatorship powers. They were convinced that only state power was able to carry out essential social and economical reforms. He wanted to establish Egypt’s economical independence.
Nassar wanted an interventionist foreign policy, stressing the struggle to destroy Israeli state, forge Arab unity and foment socialist revolutions in neighboring lands.
Radical movements: Free officer movement was a secret organization established for seizing power and revolutionary commands.
Muslim Brotherhood was another one established but Hasan al-Banna in 1928. The Brotherhood organized strikes, riots, and assassinations in the late 1930s. Egypt lost to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948.
Eventually Nassar’s regime imposed large social and economical reforms and disbanded all political parties by 1954.
He forced out British control/ influence from the Suez canal in 1956.
The regime’s problems continued with failed foreign interaction like the Six-Day War in Israel in 1967.
From the Muslim Brotherhood:
there was a promotion of trade
Promotion for building medical clinics to educate women
Programs for social uplifts
Push for land reforms.
State-financed education through college level
By the 1980, Egyptian government was the main employer.
The lower price of basic food staples.
State-controlled developments schemes modeled after the five-year plans of Soviet Union
Restrictions on foreign investments.
With Nasser’s Aswan Dam project, it caused negative effects to Egypt:
There was an increase in parasites that cause blindness.
There was a decline in fertility of farmlands in the lower Nile delta.
The economics of Egypt went down for the un-controlling population rise and the absence of sufficient foreign investment.
With his successors, Sadat and Mubarak much has not changed.
The Middle East is a region coined by the Europeans. Nations in the Middle East had a resistance towards colonial power. European domination and made Egyptian nationalist movements unique to Afro-Asia. Egypt was control by both the Ottomans and British. The British with leaders like Lord Cromer sought for much help from the local, estate-owning nobles to expand their control. By the 19th century, the Egyptian Arabic newspaper prompted complete independence. Independence was taken up by effendi. After the harsh decades with the British and the population caused bother sides to be violent like the Dinshawai incident. After the ottomans lost their holds of the Arab world, the Europeans split it into Mandates. There was an establishment of Zionistic movements with pledges like the Balfour of Declaration. Parties like the Wafd led by Sa’d Zaghlul led unified nationalistic actions, that caused the British to withdraw from Egypt in 1922. Several Middle Eastern stats gained independence in World War I but, it was not until World War II where it was complete. Zionist groups like the Haganah became better armed and led to the expansion of their territories. There were many unsuccessful military coups in Asia and Africa that controlled nations. Nasser tried radical reforms like the free officer movement in 1952 and Muslim Brotherhood to better the nation. Eventually he disbanded all the political parties. Much of his reforms failed and the problems were never much solved with his successors, Sadat and Mubarak. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It challenged existing world order. He wanted to return Iran to its golden age and get rid of Western forces. He made reforms that were most the resulted in Iran in shambles.